How Successful Was Walpole’s Foreign Policy in the Period from 1721 to 1745?

Sir Robert Walpole, the first Prime Minister of Great Britain, held office between 1721 and 1742. During this time, he pursued a foreign policy characterized by peace and diplomacy, prioritizing economic prosperity and stability over military expansion. To what extent was his foreign policy successful?

Arguments for the Success of Walpole’s Foreign Policy

One of Walpole’s most significant achievements was maintaining peace between Britain and France, the two main European powers. This long-running peace, often referred to as the "Pax Britannica," was achieved through the Treaty of Vienna in 1738. The treaty successfully resolved many of the tensions that had been simmering between the two countries for decades, particularly regarding the Spanish Succession. This peace greatly benefited British trade, allowing it to flourish and contribute to the general economic prosperity of the nation.

Furthermore, Walpole successfully managed to reduce land tax, a major achievement that benefited the British people. The financial stability achieved through his foreign policy allowed him to lessen the tax burden, creating a more favorable economic climate at home. This was important in maintaining political stability and consolidating his own power.

Arguments Against the Success of Walpole’s Foreign Policy

However, Walpole’s focus on peace and neutrality also had its drawbacks. His policy of appeasement towards France allowed the nation to recover from its recent defeats and rebuild its strength. This ultimately paved the way for future conflicts, as France would eventually pose a renewed threat to British interests.

His neutrality during the War of the Polish Succession (1733-1735) also had its negative consequences. While it allowed Britain to avoid costly and potentially damaging military entanglements, it also projected an image of weakness. It also significantly angered Austria, a key British ally, who felt abandoned by Britain’s unwillingness to assist in defending their interests. This isolated Britain diplomatically and weakened its position on the international stage.

Furthermore, Walpole’s policies ultimately led to the War of Jenkins' Ear. While the original incident, involving the disputed boarding of a British ship by a Spanish vessel, was relatively minor, Walpole's response was seen as weak by many, including prominent figures like William Pitt the Elder. Pitt’s attacks on Walpole's handling of foreign affairs, combined with military setbacks in the war, ultimately led to Walpole’s downfall in 1742.

Conclusion

Despite his success in maintaining peace and promoting economic prosperity, Walpole's foreign policy was ultimately marked by weaknesses and internal divisions. His focus on neutrality and appeasement, while serving the cause of peace and economic stability in the short term, ultimately failed to secure Britain’s long-term interests. The outbreak of the War of Jenkins’ Ear, coupled with the perceived weakness of Britain's position on the international stage, highlighted the limitations of his approach. While Walpole’s policies certainly had their merits, his legacy remains complex and ultimately overshadowed by the challenges that followed his exit from power.